The Viking Society and Culture - 2981 Words

â€Å"We and our fathers have now lived in this fair land for nearly three hundred and fifty years and never before has such a terror been seen in Britain as we have now suffered at the hands of a pagan people. Such a voyage was not thought possible. The church of St. Cuthbert is spattered with the blood of the priests of God.† These are the words of Alcuin of York, an Anglo-Saxon scholar, describing the first recorded presence of Norsemen warriors and their attack on Lindisfarne, a holy monastic undefended island of the coast of England in 793 A.D. This attack by pagans from Scandinavia introduced a new kind of warrior to the known world and established a new chapter in history known as the Viking Age. From this moment and for the next†¦show more content†¦From the moment a Norsemen is born, one’s own death was already chosen by fate. Nothing could be done to alter this moment. But it was understood that a man had complete control over his decisions while aliv e, and his actions were only of his own doing. Therefore, one ought to make the best of every moment, fully charging at life’s challenges. Either the worst that could happen was death which was out of one’s control or the most desired outcome could take place which was increased honorable reputation and fame. An example of this is presented in Sverris Saga about King Sverrir of Norway and his words to his army. The king told a story about a farmer who accompanied his son to the warships and gave him counsel, telling him to be, â€Å"valiant and hardy in perils,† saying, â€Å"How would you act if you were engaged in battle and knew beforehand that you were destined to be killed?† the son answered, â€Å"Why then should I refrain from striking right and left?† The farmer said, â€Å"Now suppose someone could tell you for certain that you would not be killed?† The son answered, â€Å"Why then should I refrain from pushing forward to the utmo st?† The farmer said, â€Å"In every battle you fight, one of two things will happen: you will either fall or come away alive. Be bold, therefore, for everything is preordained. Nothing can bring a man to his death if his time has not come and nothing can save one doomed to die. To die in flight is theShow MoreRelatedOn How Ecounters between People, Societies, Cultures and Material Objects Had an Impact on Early Globalization in the Viking Age679 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction: In my essay I will talk about how the encounters between people, societies, cultures and material objects had an impact on early Globalization in the Viking age. Between 8th and 12th centuries the Vikings moved over and tied large parts of the world together. Vikings with their plundering and colonising were the forerunners of what we now call globalization. They were the first Europeans to cross the Atlantic and discovered Greenland, Iceland and North America with their ships. TheyRead MoreA Vikings Civilized World1265 Words   |  5 PagesWere the Vikings barbaric, or were they civilized? The Vikings were a civilized and organized culture. The Vikings’ political system was essential to the Vikings’ everyday lives by giving them a stable lifestyle and a reliable colony.Traditions and religion were an important part of the Vikings’ culture. Their interaction with the environment was crucial to survival in the Vikings and their civilization. Interacting with the environment, the Vikings managed to locate and design food and shelterRead MoreThe Viking Society and Why Its Better Than Today: A Personal Opinion Essay1136 Wor ds   |  4 Pagesthe greatest reign of terror ever spawned in Europe. The Vikings ruled Northern Europe until 1066 AD and managed to pillage forth into Asia, Southern Europe, and further westward where they’d eventually find the Americas. Vikings were the most brutal of people; however, they were also very loving to their families, especially their wives. They were also brave and creative. They had a culture much more interesting than our own today. The Vikings were better than people are today because they are knownRead MoreThe Impact Of Viking Raids On The British Isles1622 Words   |  7 Pagespredominantly Denmark and Norway, the Vikings began raiding the British Isles in the late 700s (James). The Vikings primarily targeted monasteries, because that is where most of the wealth was concentrated (Loughrey). These raids were very violent, people were killed, and the survivors were sold into slavery (Loughrey). These violent raids earned the Vikings the reputation of barb arians, much like the Mongols a few centuries later in Asia. After some time, once the Vikings exhausted most of the wealth inRead MoreWomen s Rights Within The Viking Age924 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch perceived the Viking world as being dominated by men with the majority of studies being concerned with exploring the life and material culture of the male part of the society. 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The period ofRead MoreThe Origins Of The Viking Age1174 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most interesting times in medieval history is the era known as the Viking Age. When these fierce sea-borne raiders rummaged and plundered European sea ports of their valuables and treasures. These Scandinavian inhabitants were known to most of the world as a barbaric group, when in reality, there style of attacking had more skill than the world had seen. They struck fear and intimidation into their victims and made the whole European seaboard quake in angst for their arrival. Not onlyRead MoreViking Funeral Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesA Viking funeral is unlike any funeral that the modern individual is used too. According to Ibn Fadlan, author of â€Å"Ibn Fadlan’s Account of Viking in Early Russia,† an article that narrates a Viking funeral from an outside perspective, that shows how ritualistic and sacred a Viking funeral is. Fadlan presents this account by explaining the desc riptive process of the funeral of a Viking from an outside perspective. This paper will be a brief summary and opinion on the funeral of a Viking. Vikings comeRead MoreViking Art : A Critique1615 Words   |  7 PagesViking Art : A Critique James Graham-Campbell’s Viking Art is an illustrated study of Viking art from the Scandinavian world from AD 800 to around AD 1100. Graham-Campbell chose not to focus on one particular style or one specific location, but instead paints a vivid picture of Viking art all over the Scandinavian world and how it changed and was adapted in various time periods of the Viking Age. The study explores the art styles of Oseberg c. 775- c. 875, Borre c.850- c. 950, Jellinge c. 900Read MoreCulture And Culture Of Ireland1451 Words   |  6 Pagesinto the culture of Ireland by taking a look at the five characteristics of culture. The first section will cover the history of Ireland to illustrate the connection of a country’s struggle and their learned culture. I will attempt to communicate some of the key aspects that connect an individual culture to the region of the world it inhabits in the second section. In the third section, I will discuss the language and art of the land will be discussed to draw lines to the symbols a culture is founded

Legalizing Infant Euthanasia Free Essays

Since the evolution of man, infants have been born with severe illnesses. These infants may be able to survive due to advancing technologies, but are left with possible and probable defects. Many infants will die even though they are being treated because they are not equipped to sustain life. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalizing Infant Euthanasia or any similar topic only for you Order Now These circumstances have led to the debatable issue of infant euthanasia, or mercy killing, to allow these babies an end to their suffering, and die peacefully. While many people feel that euthanasia is murder, infant euthanasia should be legalized to spare terminally ill newborns of long, painful deaths, and to spare them of possible life-long disabilities. Euthanasia is said to be morally wrong by pro-life groups. They point out that infant’s may not be suffering while they are dying. They also emphasize that advances in pain management make it possible to relieve all or almost all pain. These people say that children should be saved at all costs, no matter how great the disability may be. They accentuate that the infants may be saved due to advancing technology, and that there are also therapy treatments for their possible disabilities. However, in considering whether or not to treat a newborn, the main goal should be to spare infants of long, painful deaths. Most experts believe that the primary answer to this issue is to follow what’s in the child’s best interests. If his mental and physical handicaps are overwhelming and it would be inhumane to prolong his life, then treatment should be withheld or withdrawn. After all, saving an infant for a life of suffering is hardly a humane and loving act. An infant was born with a skin condition similar to third-degree burns over almost all of its body for which there was no cure. The baby’s mother was young, unwed, and indigent. Providing basic nursing care caused tearing away of the skin. The infant could not be fed orally because of blistering in the mouth and throat. Any movement of the infant seemed to cause it pain. Even with intensive care its life expectancy, at most, was believed to be days. It would have been reasonable, merciful, and justifiable to have shortened the baby’s dying by an intended direct action chosen by the parent and the neonatologists. In cases relevantly like this, it is not immoral or morally wrong to intend and effect a merciful end to a life that, all things considered, will be meaningless to the one who lives it and an unwarranted burden for others to support. Among the women who work in the Stanford intensive care nursery, several said that if they were to have an extremely premature baby, they would not want it to be treated aggressively. One woman said that if she knew what was about to happen she would stay away from a hospital with a sophisticated intensive care unit. Others say they would make sure they were under the care of a doctor who would not press the extremes on survival. Many parents would make a similar choice but are not given the opportunity. It has been called a violation of God’s commandment not to kill. â€Å"†¦ in effect, the demand that physicians fight death at all costs is a demand that they play God. It is a demand that they conquer nature, thereby declaring themselves more powerful than God’s order. † Perhaps the ideal of conquest will be replaced by the ideal of living in agreement with nature. The most benign technology works in harmony with natural causes rather than intruding on them. The â€Å"Baby Doe† rule is a list of guidelines stating that a baby should be treated aggressively with very few exceptions. These exceptions to the rule are when â€Å"the infant is chronically and irreversibly comatose†, when the treatment would merely prolong dying, not be effective in ameliorating or correcting all of the infant’s life-threatening conditions, or otherwise be futile in terms of the survival of the infant†, and when â€Å"treatment would be virtually futile in terms of the survival of the infant and the treatment itself under such circumstances would be inhumane†¦ This policy rather loudly states that parents and professionals may not consider the salvageable infant’s life prospects no matter how harmful they may appear. A graphic illustration of the potential harm in the treatment of a handicapped infant is provided by Robert and Peggy Stinson’s account of their son Andrew who was born at a gestational age of 24 1/2 weeks and a weight of 800 grams. He was placed on a respirator against his parents’ wishes and without their consent, and remained dependent on the respirator for five months, until he was finally permitted to die. The seemingly endless list of Andrew’s afflictions, almost all of which were iatrogenic, reveals how disastrous this hospitalization was. Baby Andrew was, in effect saved by the respirator to die five ling, painful, and expensive months later of the respirator’s side effects. â€Å"†¦ the physicians who treated him violated an ancient and honored Hippocratic principle of professional ethics,`Primum non nocere’, First do no harm. As shown in the examples above, infants that are treated aggressively will die more slowly and painfully than if they were allowed a quick and peaceful death. By using aggressive treatment on severely ill infants, many are â€Å"saved† to live with life-long disabilities. To demand that physicians use intensive care technology beyond the point when it is likely to assist with a patient’s problems, as the Baby Doe regulations require, is to demand that they violate their professional commitment to do no harm. To argue that infants must be treated aggressively, no matter how great their disabilities, is to insist that the nursery become a torture chamber and that infants unequipped to live be deprived of their natural right to die. Helen Harrison, author of â€Å"The Premature Baby Book: a Parent’s Guide to Coping and Caring in the First Years†, wrote about how families are at the mercy of an accelerating life-support technology and of their physicians’ personal philosophies and motives concerning its use. She wrote after interviewing numerous parents and physicians in heartbreaking situations of delivery-room and nursery crises, â€Å"I sympathize with physicians’ concerns when parents request that there be no heroic measures. However, I sympathize infinitely more with families forced to live with the consequences of decisions made by others. Above all, I sympathize with infants saved for a lifetime of suffering. † The decisions involving the care of hopelessly ill and disabled newborns should be left to the traditional processes, to parents and physicians who do the best they can under difficult circumstances. B. D. Cohen, author of â€Å"Hard Choices† wrote, â€Å"Until such time as society is willing to pay the bill for truly humane institutions of twenty-four-hour home care for all such infants, to offer than death or living death, shouldn’t these decisions be left to those who will have to live with them? † There is a disease called Spina Bifida which affects between six thousand and eleven thousand newborns in the United States each year. The children are alive but require urgent surgery to prevent their handicap to intensify and bring about death. Paralysis, bladder and bowel incontinence, hydrocephalus or water on the brain are all part of the child’s future. Severe mental retardation, requiring total custodial care, is the likely fate of 10% of the 15% of the children. Some 10% of the children will die prior to reaching the first grade, in spite of aggressive medical care. These infants, incapable of making their own decisions, deserve to be spared the pain and suffering of such severe diseases and illnesses. Although some claim that euthanasia is the killing of a human, infant euthanasia should be legalized to spare severely ill babies of drawn-out, excruciating deaths, and to spare them of the possible defects from their illnesses. Infants continue to be born with such disabling illnesses daily. Many parents are left burdened throughout their lifetimes. They may not be prepared to provide the round-the-clock treatment that is needed. New York State should bring about peace by legalizing euthanasia, and end the suffering for all people intimately involved in situations described previously. How to cite Legalizing Infant Euthanasia, Essay examples

Surgical Options For A Patient Presenting With A Mid-Shaft Fractured

Question: Discuss about the Identify Surgical Options For A Patient Presenting With A Mid-Shaft Fractured Femur. Answer: Surgical treatment options The surgery for mid-shaft fractured femur depends on time. Mid-shaft femur fractures are treated depending upon pattern of fracture. Femoral neck fractures, percutaneous pinning or sliding of hip screw and anthroplasty is done for the elderly patients like in the given case study of Mr.Brown. If the skin around the fracture is still not broken, then it is advisable to wait to make it stable before surgery. If the fracture is open, it might be exposed to environment and so need to be cleaned urgently to prevent infection before immediate surgery. The leg is placed in skeletal fraction or long-leg splint between the period of initial emergency care and surgery. This helps to keep the broken bones aligned and maintain length of leg. There are three surgical treatment options available for the mid-shaft fractured femur. External fixation is a type of operation where screws or metal pins are placed in bones above and below the site of fracture. The screws and pins are attached to bar outside skin that act as stabilizing frame for the holding bones in proper position for fast healing. It is a temporary treatment where external fixators are applied which provide temporary and good stability until the femur is healed (Kulshrestha, Roy, Audige, 2011). Intramedullary nailing is another surgical option where and currently in use for the mid-shaft femoral fractures opted commonly by most surgeons. In this procedure, a specially designed metal rod is inserted in femur marrow canal. The rod then passes across fracture that helps to it in position. The intramedullary nail is inserted in the canal at the knee or hip in small incision. There is crewing at the bones at both ends. This keeps the bone and nail in proper position at the time of healing (Gelalis, et al., 2012). Screws and plates are also done as a surgical operation when the bone segments are reduced or first repositioned in their normal alignment. Metal plates and special screws are attached to the bone outer surface. These screws and plates are often used during intramedulalry nailing which is not possible for the fractures that are extended to knee or hip joints (Smith, Parvizi, Purtill, 2011). Complications Patients who sustain mid-line femur fracture after a traumatic accident like tractor accident of Mr. Brown, encounter complications depending upon the severity of break or fracture location. The complications include infection, bone healing problems, nerve damage, compartment syndrome or surgical complications (Kong Sabharwal, 2014). In fractured femur, there can be bone breaking the skin and that increases the risk for infection. If there is wrong alignment of bones or infection that causes irritation, the healing process is delayed and there is requirement of further surgery. Nerve damage can also occur where there might be weakness or numbness that is a rare complication. Compartment syndrome is also a rare complication of femoral mid-shaft fractures where there is compression of blood vessels, nerves, muscles inside compartment or closed space within the body. This generally occurs within the thigh with bleeding or inflammation because of trauma that is associated with the fract ure. In case of this syndrome, immediate operation is required. Surgical complications can also occur due to hardware failure that is required to stabilize bone or hardware piece that causes pain or irritation. Nerve damage is the possible surgical complication in mid-shaft femoral fracture (Park, Noh, Kam, 2013). Major complications, nursing interventions and monitoring Depending on the femoral fracture, the major complications in mid shaft femoral fracture affects the knee, however, in a different way. Femur movement when it breaks, there is ligament damage in knee that demand immediate operation for repairing the damage. Heterotopic ossification, pudendal nerve injury and Acute compartment syndrome are major complications that might occur post-operation of fractured femur (Kaiser, et al., 2011). Heterotopic ossification occurs with an incidence of 25% as a post-operative complication after femur fracture surgery. In this, there is varying severity where bone debris from endosteal canal reaming is deposited in soft tissues that surround the site of nail insertion in Intramedullary nailing surgery (Botolin, Mauffrey, Hammerberg, Hak, Stahel, 2013). These debris are stimulate the heterotopic bone formation that decreases debris amount left in tissues after the nailing leading to heterotopic ossification. This complication occurs at the proximal end of reamed intramedullary femoral nail posing a complication after the procedure. Thenursing intervention is the physical therapy where the nurse keeps the patient with involved joint at rest to maintain a functional position and perform Passive Range of Motion (PROM) where the body parts are moved within the available range without muscle activation (Martinez de Albornoz, Khanna, Longo, Forriol, Maffulli, 2011). It is monitored by keeping into account the movement range of the patient and pain management. Pudendal nerve injury is another main complication that is associated with the fracture surgery where there is static interlocking in the femur nailing. This neurologic injury is a combination of direct compression and localized ischaemia of perineum against post fracture countertraction. In this, there is branching of sensory terminals of pudendal nerve that appear susceptible to injury causing complications after the surgery. It is an important and common complication after intramedullary femur nailing that might result in complete sensory loss. Thenursing intervention involves pain management and medical interventions. Nurses would reduce the pudendal nerve irritability through lifestyle changes. They would perform sitting modification, avoidance of physical activities that irritate nerves, bladder and bowel management help to prevent straining of nerves and its compression that might cause nerve irritation. Continuous monitoring and refereeing to a physiotherapist would help to r elax the muscles and decrease nerve irritation. Acupunture and psychotherapy can also be helpful for reducing pain and irritation of nerve (Fisher Lotze, 2011). Acute compartment syndrome is a rare but important complication that takes place post femur fracture. It is a highly painful condition when the muscle pressure builds to alarming levels. This can decrease flow of blood preventing oxygen and nourishment from reaching muscle and nerve cells. The pressure need to be released or else can cause permanent disability. This requires surgery when the surgeon makes incisions in the muscle coverings and skin to relieve pressure (Kalyani, Fisher, Roberts, Giannoudis, 2011). Thenursing intervention involves pain management by medications like epidural analgesia to relieve pain. Multimodal approach that includes use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)and paracetamol along with an opioid considered best after pressure release through surgery. Patient education is also required before discharge after pressure release surgery by nurses for predisposition to this syndrome. The monitoring involves evaluation of any medication side effects and compartment pressure that should be less than 15mmHg via single pressure readings or continuous pressure monitoring. Nursing interventions and Rationale Heterotopic ossification(HO) In HO, there might be complications related to skin and musculoskeletal system where there might be problems regarding osteomyelitis and skin pressures. Skin complications can occur due to immobility, changes in flow of blood, improper positioning, venous stasis vasomotor tone loss and hypoxia. Contractures, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, HO and spasticity can also occur due to immobility, joint stiffness, muscle atrophy, weakness and much more. Nursing intervention Rationale Treatment for spasticity Physical, medicine and drug therapy It is done to promote mobility, manage leg weakness, allowing the patient to stand and provide strength. It would also provide manual dexterity by improving muscle therapy and functioning. Passive Range of Motion (PROM) As movement is restricted in the patient, it provides exercise options for the, in enhancing mobility. It is done to provide a range of motion exercises that aid in movement and reduction of stiffness. It improves circulation and muscle strength along with maintenance of flexibility and pain management. Controlling of parameters Temperature, fatigue, anxiety, decubitus ulcers also checked as the patient has minimum mobility and can be prone to spasticity. Repositioning of the patient It is important at every 2 hours to avoid irritation or rubbing of skin and to avoid remaining of the patient at one position for a long time. Patient education It is also important for patient and families by instructing them ROM exercises to watch for potential complication signs in OH and prevent pressure sores (Mavrogenis, Soucacos, Papagelopoulos, 2011). Monitoring Rationale Serum C-reactive protein levels and pain level It is important to monitor this protein level to check for inflammation reaction that can potentially occur in OH. Serial bone scans It is done to monitor the metabolic activity of OH and fix time for surgical resection in cases of postoperative complication and resurgence. Pudendal nerve injury This nerve is stretched, damaged or can cause permanent neuropathy in the patient. There can be irreversible nerve damage that can cause impaired mobility and stretch injury and permanent damage. Nursing intervention Rationale Physical therapy Kegal exercise should be avoided as it affects pelvic floor that is already tight and this exercise makes it tighter. Until the symptoms of pudendal nerve injury is not treated, it is important to avoid it. This is required to avoid further nerve damage and irritation. This is also important to check as it can lead to permanent nerve damage (Montoya, Calver, Carrick, Prats, Corton, Anatomic relationships of the pudendal nerve branches. , 2011). Lifestyle modifications There should be avoidance of bending, sitting, avoiding of exercises and only follow approved exercises along with bicycling that help to prevent permanent nerve damage. This is important to prevent recurrence of nerve damage that can cause irreversible damage leading to impaired mobility (Montoya, Calver, Carrick, Prats, Corton, 2011). Bladder and bowel movement management It can cause stretch injury as straining during constipation causes damage of pudendal nerve. Patient should drink prune juice, organic whole grain high fibre, black-eyed peas and psyllium husk to avid constipation. This is a potential thing to avoid in pudendal nerve injury as it causes straining during constipation. This can further increase damage of nerve and cause irritation that might result in permanent nerve damage. Pain management It is important to take care as manipulation in connective tissue and nerve can constrict nerve impairment. This includes conservative management of pain through medications and rating of pain on the scale from 1 to 10. Medication management It is also important as it is considered a gold standard and first line of treatment that manages its symptoms. Superior Hypogastric Block is used to treat pain in the pelvic region where a thin needle is inserted through fluoroscopy in skin and then advanced to L5 location of vertebra of superior hypogastric plexus to decrease the pain by 70% (Masata, Hubka, Martan, 2012). Monitoring Rationale Pain monitoring It is important for the nurses to monitor pain through Nerve Integrity Monitoring System (NIMS, Medtronics) that helps to prevent pain impulses and risk for central sensitization and release pain syndrome. It also prevents fibroblasts prevention and risk for scar formation. Acute compartment syndrome Acute compartment syndrome is surgical emergency that can cause permanent nerve damage and causes severe injury. This cam cause permanent damage of muscles and can prevent oxygen and nourishment to reach muscles and nerve causing permanent loss of nerve sensation. Nursingintervention Rationale Multimodal approach Opoids and NSAIDS along with paracetamol are used to manage pain in the patients. Paracetamol, NSAID and IV morphine is given at 0.1-0.2mg/Kg titrated is given to the patient. This helps to reduce pain in the patient for traumatic pain that decreases with surgery time. Pain is managed through controlled steps that help to adjust the dose of morphine use as opioids for the pain management (Waterman, Laughlin, Kilcoyne, Cameron, Owens, 2013). Patient education In this, one need to know about the various symptoms of this syndrome so that they can immediately report in case of severe complications that might require surgery and failing can cause permanent nerve damage. It is important to understand the reoccurrence and study of complications that need to be looked for after the surgery for acute compartment syndrome. It is also important to improve their health behaviour by keeping a check on their improvement and prevent reoccurrence of this complication. Monitoring Rationale Side effects of medication This multimodal approach causes many potential side effects that can affect the patient and adverse the complicated situation. Side effects are renal toxicity, gastric ulceration, platelet aggregation inhibition that can cause hemorrhagic complications. This can aggravate the complication of acute compartment syndrome. Nurses have to monitor the potential side effects of multimodal approach to avoid high risk for further trauma injuries, increased risk for potential side effects of medication therapy that might affect the patient and deteriorate the condition. Pressure monitoring It is an invasive procedure that has an huge impact on the patient having acute compartment syndrome following fracture surgery. The pressure should be below 15 mmHg to avoid complications. It is done through single pressure readings, fibreoptic transducer (camino-catheter) which is simple and reliable. Nurses have to keep monitoring the compartment pressure as it can cause complications like inflammation, swelling, and blood supply loss in muscles, muscle scarring, loss of function and contracture. Therefore, it is important to monitor the pressure levels. Bibliography Aubut, J. A., Mehta, S., Cullen, N., Teasell, R. W., Team, G. t. (2011). A comparison of heterotopic ossification treatment within the traumatic brain and spinal cord injured population: an evidence based systematic review. NeuroRehabilitation, 151-160. Botolin, S., Mauffrey, C., Hammerberg, E. M., Hak, D. J., Stahel, P. F. (2013). Heterotopic ossification in the reaming tract of a percutaneous antegrade femoral nail: a case report. Journal of medical case reports, 90. Fisher, H. W., Lotze, P. M. (2011). Nerve injury locations during retropubic sling procedures. . International urogynecology journal, 439-441. Gelalis, I. D., Politis, A. N., Arnaoutoglou, C. M., Korompilias, A. V., E., P. E., Vekris, M. D., ... Xenakis, T. A. (2012). Diagnostic and treatment modalities in nonunions of the femoral shaft. A review. Injury, 980-988. Kaiser, M. M., Wessel, L. M., Zachert, G., Stratmann, C., Eggert, R., Gros, N., ... Rapp, M. (2011). Biomechanical analysis of a synthetic femur spiral fracture model: influence of different materials on the stiffness in flexible intramedullary nailing. . Clinical Biomechanics, 592-597. Kalyani, B. S., Fisher, B. E., Roberts, C. S., Giannoudis, P. V. (2011). Compartment syndrome of the forearm: a systematic review. The Journal of hand surgery, 535-543. Kong, H., Sabharwal, S. (2014). External fixation for closed pediatric femoral shaft fractures: where are we now?. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 3814-3822. Kulshrestha, V., Roy, T., Audige, L. (2011). Operative versus nonoperative management of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures: a prospective cohort study. Journal of orthopaedic trauma, 31-38. Martinez de Albornoz, P., Khanna, A., Longo, U. G., Forriol, F., Maffulli, N. (2011). The evidence of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for in vitro, animal and human fracture healing. . British medical bulletin. Masata, J., Hubka, P., Martan, A. (2012). Pudendal neuralgia following transobturator inside-out tape procedure (TVT-O)case report and anatomical study. International urogynecology journal, 505-507. Mavrogenis, A. F., Soucacos, P. N., Papagelopoulos, P. J. (2011). Heterotopic ossification revisited. . Orthopedics, 177-177. Montoya, T. I., Calver, L., Carrick, K. S., Prats, J., Corton, M. M. (2011). Anatomic relationships of the pudendal nerve branches. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 504-e1. Park, S. S., Noh, H., Kam, M. (2013). Risk factors for overgrowth after flexible intramedullary nailing for fractures of the femoral shaft in children. Bone Joint, 254-258. Smith, E. B., Parvizi, J., Purtill, J. J. (2011). Delayed surgery for patients with femur and hip fracturesrisk of deep venous thrombosis. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery , E113-E116 . Waterman, C. B., Laughlin, C. M., Kilcoyne, C. K., Cameron, K. L., Owens, L. B. (2013). Surgical treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the leg: failure rates and postoperative disability in an active patient population. JBJS, 592-596.

Moral Autobiography Essay Example

Moral Autobiography Essay Over the years have learned to become more accepting and inclusive of all sexual orientations and overall worldviews. This can be seen particularly in my top points on the hermeneutic circle and how I have used my social location to influence my views on justice and sexuality. The hermeneutic circle is a tool that can be very easily related to the life that have lived so far. This ranges from academic to personal to employment. Having a wide variety of points on the hermeneutic circle is something I see as a vital part of who I am, and ultimately makes up who I am today. The first point on the hermeneutic circle that I believe is apt to my life is the very first one. What is the community of accountability for me in my life? I personally serve many roles to please other people. The first example would be in my service organization. Am the District Secretary, and my job is to assist the District Governor with anything that they might need throughout the year. Rarely complete any task with the thought in mind of how it will affect me personally. On a more educational level, complete all my assignments to please my professors and abide by their rules or guidelines. NT simple write a paper how I choose to; I have to follow the guidelines that were set for the assignment. The next point on the circle would be the second one. What are some of my loyalties stated or implied? This point brings me back to my service organization I am a member of. Whenever people ask me to describe myself, I begin with a member of this organization because I am loyal to them a nd their mission. It is something will always believe in and stand by. Another think I would say, but very different, would be that am Irish American. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Autobiography specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Autobiography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Autobiography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I identify as an Irish American because I am loyal to my family and their roots, but also to the fact that I was born in America and am an American Citizen. What attitude toward social change is being exemplified by my life choices? This is the next point that relates to my life. I believe that social change in America is desirable by the majority of Americans, however it is something we have trouble figuring how to do. Myself believe that we need social change, but also have a strong feeling it will not happen. Many people are stuck on what happened in the past, and need to move on to how to change the true. We can never change the past, and that is where us as Americans are getting stuck. The last point goes hand in hand with my next point pretty well in the context I see it in. What are my thoughts in regards to truth claims? I personally believe that there are never ways to 100% find the truth in situations and that goes back to social change. Any truth can be debated in the eyes of anybody because we are able to have our own opinions on things in todays society. Just because I believe that something is true, doesnt mean another person has to believe in its truth. Everyone is allowed to have their own opinions on things and each person can have their own idea of what is true and what is not. Along with that, all truths are open to examination and interpretations. Just because I believe that something is true doesnt mean I cant change my mind later on. Always allowing for possible revisions and re- imagination. The status of historical claims is something I see as a secondary method or way to explain my position or stance on situations. Ultimately believe that this goes back to the idea of social change and the past stopping us from moving forward. I believe that everything that has happened in the past, both historical and not, has made us the country we are today and we have no need to dwell on that past. When I am making claims always allow room for others to contest or disagree with what I have said, and never take offence if someone does. Being a member of such a service based organization we are always bouncing ideas off each other and giving each other feedback. I will admit that everyone contributes that one idea that changes the entire year and then there is always at least one idea which you regretted saying. Therefore I am always open to comments on my ideas and claims made. In my role as a Transition Leader at Default, I have constantly received feedback from my fellow peers, and value their input and opinions. Receiving feedback from others is a vital part of growing and is something I think everyone should use in their life. Knowledge comes from a multitude of places, and therefore there are many different types of knowledge. The main source of knowledge I use is from experiences. I always remember things that have tried before, ending both good and poorly. This is how I learn what to, or not to do, in the future similar situations. The other source Of knowledge I use is my peers. Learn from my fellow peers almost daily, and it is always so relatable. Having someone else around my age to help guide me through situations really helps during the tough times. All of these points from the hermeneutic circle are all dictated and influenced by my social location. Social location can consist of many different things but the one that define my location the most are my ethnicity, my economic class, and my gender. All three of these social location pieces play a ole of describing who I am as a person. When someone asks me what my ethnicity I am very proud to speak about that. I love being an Irish American, and would love that chance to learn more about my heritage one day. Having this outlook on my ethnicity has enhanced my ethical worldview in the way that I am very open and eager to explore new cultures and ethnicities. Just recently I had the opportunity to be fully immersed in the Arabic culture and the Muslim ethnicity. Allowing myself to open my eyes to new ethical worldviews has been a part of me that I have loved exploring the past few years. There is one thing that hinders this, and that is my economic class. I would consider myself to come from the middle economic class, as in I cant always afford everything my heart wants. I would love to take the time to expand my ethical worldview horizon, but I sadly cant afford to do so. I am never ashamed to say am from a middle class family, but sometimes it hurts your chances to take part in some amazing experiences. Hopefully one day the idea of economic class cannot be a factor when attempting to further your worldview, but as of right now it is hindering my ability. Finally, my gender is one that plays and interesting role in social location. I myself identify as a male and prefer masculine pronouns. However, over the past few weeks I have learned that not everyone is so simple. This is the reason that gender plays such a huge role in my eyes. I have never had any issues with my gender and it never accrued to me that others might while growing up. Gender is something is assigned to us, and is not something that we get to choose, and therefore almost always will have an effect on each persons social location. It doesnt matter what you identify as or what you prefer to be called, your gender will be your gender no matter what. All of these aspects of my social location all come together to help create my overall definition of the word justice. Justice is something that I do not fully believe in, however have defined it in a very clear way in my life. Justice is when the correct punishment or reward is assigned to an action completed by a human, animal, or entity. The problem I have with this is who gets to decide what is right and what is wrong? There has always been some grey rear when it comes to right and wrong because it is not always so clear. Also, in some situations we might say it is right and then someone else might consider it to be wrong. Should one person punish a person while someone else praises another? I do not believe that this will change until we come up with an ultimate way to clearly define something as right or wrong. Overall, everything that has any form of meaning in my life has formed together to make me the human being I am today. Will this be different then every single other human on the planet? Of course it will, but that is also makes us who we are.

My Air force Essay

My Air force Essay Free Online Research Papers Have you ever wanted a challenge. Have you ever wanted to be a part of something a whole lot bigger than yourself? Have you ever wanted to do something for your country? Well, if you could answer yes to these three questions then you might want to consider the U.S. Air force. This unique branch of the United States military has global reach and protects the country from many dangers. As my high school years are closely coming to an end I must decide what I am going to do with my life. I chose the United States Air Force as my research topic because I am strongly considering to join the Air Force after I graduate from high school. I have decided that writing my research paper on the air force will aid me in deciding if I really want to make such a commitment. This could be a life changing decision and I want to know exactly what I am getting myself into. Before joining the Air Force I want to learn about its history, like when it was formed. Also, I want to know what kind of job opportunities I am entitled to. I ant to know why the air force is so powerful. I want to know what the lifestyle of a person in the Air force lives. I want to know if the Air force will take care of me. I have already take the first few steps to joining the Air force and in order to finalize it I want all my questions to be answered. Most of all I want to know what the U.S. Air Force can offer me that no other branch of military can. Research Papers on My Air force EssayThe Rise and Fall of Napoleon BonaparteCo-Educational vs. Single Sex SchoolsMy Writing ExperienceQuebec and CanadaThe Equal Rights AmendmentThe Damnable Life of FaustProbation OfficersMr. Obama and IranCombating Human TraffickingJean-Jaques Rousseau Emile

How to Deal With a Lazy Coworker

How to Deal With a Lazy Coworker document.createElement('audio'); https://s3.amazonaws.com/tjn-blog-images/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/17133337/How-to-handle-a-lazy-coworker.wavWe’ve all been there- paired with the team member that just isn’t holding up their share of the tent poles. You can’t quite tattle on them because that would just reflect badly on you, but you also can’t let them get away with it all the time and just keep carrying your weight. If you’re frustrated with a lazy, extra-long-lunch-taking, slack-off of a coworker, here are a few ways you can alleviate the situation.Don’t let them knock you off your pins.If you’re spending the entire day focusing on just how lazy and useless your coworker is, chances are you’re not doing your own work as well as you could and should be doing. Try tuning them out, no matter how many times you notice them checking Facebook. Focus on your own work- or you’ll end up having as low an output as the lazy perso n. It might not be fair, but neither is life. Too much attention on fairness is just immature.Stay focused on yourself.Instead of obsessing about what a lame-o your coworker is, direct your energy instead to deciding what kind of a person and coworker you want to be. And start living up to your own ideals. Be the kind of person you admire most- not just someone who carps on the weakest link. Don’t let your good attitude get affected by someone else’s bad work.Don’t assume responsibility.Don’t tattle, but also don’t just pick up their slack. Their work should not be your work. And if your boss recognizes that some work isn’t getting done, do your best to not be assigned any of the blame.Be a leader.Take this opportunity to distinguish yourself. Stay above the gossip. Step up and show your boss and your team how well you deal with difficult situations. Be the hero of your team. Communicate with your lazy co-worker- they may not be lazy at all, but rather dealing with issues or problems you haven’t imagined. Try helping them get back in the game, rather than watching them crash and burn.Say no.Don’t agree to projects that require your coworker to work at full capacity. And don’t agree to time frames that you know to be unrealistic given the situation. Worst case scenario, in saying no, you’ll earn an opportunity to broach the subject of your coworker with your boss in a non-tattletaley way. It’s the classier way to escalate the situation.Put your reputation first.As annoying as it is to find yourself in this situation, what you have to remember is that you cannot go down with the sinking ship. You might have to put in a few more hours and do a bit more work on the edges until the situation can be resolved. If you have a high-stakes project that can’t be avoided and the deadlines can’t be changed, you just have to do the extra work and sort the situation out afterwards. Try and hold your head up high and distinguish yourself as much as possible, which will make the inevitable fall-out that much easier.

How to utilize and enhance City Year social media Research Paper

How to utilize and enhance City Year social media - Research Paper Example The paper tends to briefly analyze the role and significance of social media in terms of creating considerable awareness through developing adequate planning for San Antonio City Year which can protect students from rising dropout crisis within the state. The discussion in this essay will also focus on demonstrating effective communication and customer service facilities which can enable San Antonio City Year to efficiently increase its number of members from both students at the risks of dropout and AmeriCorps members. RECOMMENDATIONS Demographic Analysis Of Social Media In San Antonio. According to the present day context, the association with social media has been witnessed to significantly increase amid the young adult population within the age group of 16-24 years. In relation to the observation of present usage of social media, it can be identified that a few of the major social networking sites including Facebook, Twitter and YouTube among others are widely used by the young a dults in San Antonio. Facebook. By providing exceptional experience of social media service to the millions of global users, Facebook has established itself as one of the leading and dominant organizations around the world. In accordance with the present day context, Facebook has been able to accumulate around 1.1 billion of Monthly Active Users (MAUs) across the different regions of the world (Facebook â€Å"Investor Relations†). Moreover, Facebook has also been identified to be one of the leading social media sites, which has established a follower base of young adults within the age group of 16-24 (Fuller 19-21). Twitter. Twitter can also be considered as an effective social media resource for San Antonio City Year in order to build a strong community. In accordance with the observation of the global social media environment, Twitter has been able to amass almost 500 millions of global users across the different geographical locations. This social networking site incorpora tes a large number of active female user accounts as compared to male and it is highly used for higher educational purposes. Twitter generally incorporates a large number of users within the age group of 25-54 years (PanARMENIAN Network, â€Å"Twitter Approaching 500 Million Users Milestone†). YouTube. YouTube can also be stated as an effective source of social media which is widely used to share videos to a number of users. The site has been able to obtain almost 1biilion of active users from diverse age groups. In relation to the age-demographic view of YouTube, it can apparently be observed that the site mostly incorporates the users within the age group of 25-54 years (Laura and Wankel 16-19). In relation to the aforesaid observations of the different social media sites, it has been determined that the integration of Facebook within the awareness activities will be a major and beneficial selection for San Antonio City Year to reduce the potential dropout rates within San Antonio. Moreover, the integration process can also provide adequate support to the San Antonio City Year to build an effective relationship with the students at higher risk of dropout along with facilitating to mitigate such risks. SOCIAL MEDIA ON SMARTPHONE The rapid technological development

Final Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Final - Research Paper Example Norris Wright Cuney, a black leader from Texas, managed the party from 1883 until his demise in 1896. He had labeled the dissatisfied group "lily-whites." During the early days of Reconstruction, a fight ensued in Texas and the South between the whites and blacks for the management of the Republican Party (Mowry, 1940). White GOP leaders were seeking respect among Southern voters, and there was a conviction that the blacks’ involvement in the party disturbed the expansion of the party. The lily-white Republicans started a plan to kick out blacks from positions of power. Although Texas blacks pleased with the Northern party leadership to stop the movement, the movement has been successful since Republican presidents after 1865 needed endorsement of the Southern white population (Mowry, 1940). The 1892 election was a turning point for the two factions of the Party as Cuney rallied the black and tans behind George Clark, who was a conservative Democrat. The lily-whites recommended Andrew Jackson Houston for the governorship post. Clark lost the elections, and Democratic Grover Cleveland emerged the winner of the presidency (Mowry, 1940). The black people appeared to lose the elections as their preferred candidates lost the elections. Although African Americans lost the election and control of the party, they had sent a message that they were involved in the political affairs of the US. The journey towards equal rights had just begun, and their rights could not be ignored in any way. Future political activists were motivated by the actions of a group of African Americans who helped in the formation of the party. The Black Power movement emerged after the Civil Rights Movement that was fighting for the rights of the African American (Joseph, 2006). Even though it was not an official movement, the Black Power movement defined the relationship between the blacks and whites and

Art essay Essay Example for Free

Art essay Essay Does art imitate life – or is it the other way around? Traditionally, we have believed that art imitates life. The painter represents what he or she sees by producing a scene on a canvas. The sculptor does the same with bronze or stone. A photographer or film maker does it even more directly. A writer describes life in his or her books. This simple concept is known as mimesis. But some have questioned the one-way nature of mimesis by arguing that art also changes the way we view the world, and in fact, life sometimes imitates art rather than the other way around. The person who first articulated this belief effectively was Oscar Wilde. Speaking about the foggy conditions in London in the late 19th century, he wrote that the way we perceive them changed because of art. Referring to the wonderful brown fogs that come creeping down our streets, blurring the gas lamps and turning houses into shadows he argued that poets and painters have taught [people] the loveliness of such effects. According to Wilde, They did not exist till Art had invented them. [pic] And you don’t have to look too far to see anti-mimesis in our lives. To what extent is our outlook on life altered by ideas we read in books? The portrayal of people in films? The styles we see in fashion photography? One great example of this is the TV series The Sopranos, and how it affected both the Mafia in the USA and the FBI. Art’s influence on society: propaganda and censorship Throughout history, it has always been the case that art has the power to change society, especially when new media are used to express an idea. During the First World War, for example, movie cameras were used for the first time to record trench warfare – when the film was shown in cinemas in Britain, audiences ran out screaming. This led to the government censoring further such use of such a powerful medium. And in government censorship, and use of art as propaganda, we see how seriously governments take the effect of art. All of the major dictators of the C20th understood the power of art to influence the population. In Nazi Germany, Hitler set up the Ministry of Propaganda and National Enlightenment. It was headed by Goebbels, who made sure that nothing was published, performed, or exhibited without his approval. [pic]When this happens, you know there isn’t going to be a happy ending And what Goebbels approved, of course, only fit in with Nazi ideology and ideas. In terms of art, this meant no modern and abstract art, certainly nothing hostile to the regime, and nothing that featured images other than the stereotypical blonde-haired, blue eyed set in idyllic pastoral scenes of blissful happiness. [pic] [pic] In Stalinist Russia, there was also a keen understanding of the power of art. Art portrayed contented peasants, industrious workers, and Stalin himself. In fact, Stalin was shown god-like in many paintings, a phenomenon known as the Cult of Stalin. Just as in Germany, gigantic architectural projects expressed the power of the state. [pic] [pic] However, there is no doubt that in Russia there were greater artistic achievements than in Nazi Germany. Composers worked with fewer hindrances – as seen in the works by Prokoviev and Shostakovich, and film-makers such as Eisenstein emerged. Art’s influence on society: the trial of Lady Chatterley’s Lover But even under less oppressive governments, the artistic expression of certain ideas can be subject to control. One great example is the book ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’ by DH Lawrence, which was deemed offensive on many levels. In this book, Constance Reid, a woman from a progressive liberal middle class family marries a minor member of the aristocracy, Lord Clifford Chatterley, and takes the title ‘Lady Chatterley’. But her husband is injured in the First World War, confined to a wheelchair, and left impotent. Despite this, he becomes a successful writer and businessman. It is more his obsession with financial success and fame rather than any physical difficulties which come between him and his wife, and she begins an affair with their gamekeeper, Oliver Mellors. The largely aristocratic ‘establishment’ of Britain at the time – the book was published in Italy in 1928 were shocked by many aspects of the book. First, there was the fact that the book was ‘obscene’, in the way it went into explicit detail the affair that took place (see below). Second, there was the fact that a women was breaking her marriage vows, something considered far worse than a man behaving in the same way. Finally, it represented an intimate relationship between a member of the ‘lower’ classes (although it emerges during the story that Mellors is actually well-educated, and became an officer in the army during the First World War) and the ‘upper’ classes, a concept that was totally taboo in Britain at that time. The book was duly banned. [pic] But the book was republished by Penguin books in 1960. The attorney general, Reginald Manningham-Buller (dubbed ‘Bullying-Manners’ by the journalist and author Bernard Levin) had to read only four chapters to decide to prosecute Penguin books for publishing it. What annoyed him was not just the content, but the fact that the price of the book meant it was affordable to women and members of the lower classes (remember that only few women worked at this time, and husbands were generally in charge of family finances). The trial was a disaster for Manningham-Buller and the prosecution. They had failed to find any experts to support their case, in stark contrast to Penguin’s defence team, which had brought in authors, journalists, academics, and even members of the clergy to defend the book. Manningham-Buller and his team had very little idea of what Lawrence had been trying to express in his book, regularly being caught out by the superior insight of the witnesses they were trying to catch out. And although they tried to shock the jury – in his opening speech, Manningham-Buller announced: The word fuck or fucking appears no less than 30 times . . . Cunt 14 times; balls 13 times; shit and arse six times apiece; cock four times; piss three times, and so on. they were unable to prove that the book would have a negative influence on the readers it was aimed at. According to the Guardian: No other jury verdict in British history has had such a deep social impact. Over the next three months Penguin sold 3m copies of the book – an example of what many years later was described as the Spycatcher effect, by which the attempt to suppress a book through unsuccessful litigation serves only to promote huge sales. The jury – that iconic representative of democratic society – had given its imprimatur to ending the taboo on sexual discussion in art and entertainment. Within a few years the stifling censorship of the theatre by the lord chamberlain had been abolished, and a gritty realism emerged in British cinema and drama. (Saturday Night and Sunday Morning came out at the same time as the unexpurgated Lady Chatterley, and very soon Peter Finch was commenting on Glenda Jacksons tired old tits in Sunday Bloody Sunday and Ken Tynan said the first fuck on the BBC. ) Homosexuality was decriminalised, abortions were available on reasonable demand, and in order to obtain a divorce it was unnecessary to prove that a spouse had committed the matrimonial crime of adultery. Judges no longer put on black caps to sentence prisoners to hang by the neck until dead. Can we say, though, that it was art in this case that changed society, or was it an interaction between human sciences (ie, the law) and the arts (the book) that led to change? This is from the same Guardian article: †¦the message of Lady Chatterleys Lover, half a century after the trial, is that literature in itself does no harm at all. The damage that gets attributed to books – and to plays and movies and cartoons – is caused by the actions of people who try to suppress them. See: The trial of Lady Chatterleys Lover The effect of art: presentation [pic] What other piece of art has profoundly changed the way we view the world? And was it the art that did it, or the way it was used that made the impact? Use the link below to help you introduce to us an influential piece of art. Think about the type of change it wrought, for example, ethical, social, metaphysical, etc.

The Fifth Discipline Essay -- Essays Papers

The Fifth Discipline Chapter 11 of Peter Senge's book, The Fifth Discipline, talks about the idea of Shared Vision, and how this concept has transformed organizations, and individuals working for them, into a cohesive unit of long-term innovative achievement. Having and transmitting a successful "shared vision" requires true "buy-in" on the part of the employees and the organization as a whole, and must foster genuine commitment and active enrollment in order to bring that organizational vision to a personal level. For shared vision to become a product of personal vision, each individual must "feel it", and be able to see how this vision can be articulated to promote the long-term interests of the company's success, and position in the larger scheme of things. This road to the end result is usually not mapped out or even guaranteed, and the creative tension this inspires, through personal commitment and dedication, is the fire it produces form it's visionary fuel. The most current example of this that I have witnessed is the remarkable performance of the '98 World Championship Denver Broncos. So far they are undefeated this season and give no indication of letting up as the make their way into the history record books of the NFL. They were 11 and 0, Eleven wins and no losses, going into last night's game against the San Diego Chargers here at home and although nobody here wanted to see it happen, they defeated the Chargers 31-16, extending their perfe...

Halal Food Essay

Hello Ladies and gentlemen, this is our final project for Journalism and Mass Communication senior class video presentation, an interview from the Taipei Grand Mosque Assistant Imam Musa. It presents an interview on what are the differences between halal and non-halal foods? In this interview, we will present to you Halal Food Consumption in Taiwan, What we meant by Halal, where Muslims buy and eat Halal foods. And as well as how Muslims Brothers and Sisters could seeks advice in country they travel to where a handful of Muslims is found. From what the Imam just rightly said, only the celebration of Eids is the time when the Taipei (Taiwan) Govt. allows them to slaughter or sacrifice their animals, only at the Grand Mosque in Taiwan. These memorable days marks the Muslims celebration of Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha, Muslims commemorate and remember Abraham’s trials, by themselves slaughtering an animal such as a sheep, camel, or goat This action is very often misunderstood by those outside the faith. Allah has given us power over animals and allowed us to eat meat, but only if we pronounce His name (To make our food Halal) at the time of taking life. Muslims slaughter animals in the same way throughout the year. By saying the Name of Allah (Bismillah) at the time of slaughtering, we are reminded in that way that life is sacred. As the majority of Muslims gathered every Friday (to pray Friday Prayers known as Salatul Juma). This is the only time when you can buy halal meat imported from Australia and New Zealand as the imam said. Friday, is a religious festival for the Muslims. In this holy day, the Muslims gather at the mosques at noon time. They listen to the khutbas (Speeches made by the Imam). Then after the prayers, most of the people go to that restaurant to buy that halal meat and halal foods sold at that restaurant only on Friday noon.

Linguistic Diversity in Early Childhood Education Essay

One issue of linguistic diversity, is you has the teacher needs to identify the needs of the children in your classroom. A teacher needs to address their own attitude toward the children and families that are linguistic and cultural diversity. If a teacher knows that most of the students are going to Spanish speaking, for example than she needs to prepare herself for this before schools starts. A teacher may want to get with other teachers at the school or school district and talk about ways to deal with non-English speaking children and families. I think another issues with linguistic diversity is that the teacher needs to expect has much out of the non-English speaking students as the English speaking students. If a teacher starts off expecting less than she will get just that. A teacher needs to monitor herself and meet with other teachers and discuss observations, progress and the way that students are tested and evaluated so that the teachers are not setting them up to fail. All students need to think that they can progress and not fail at everything. I think and issue of not being able to communicate with the families is a big issue for everyone. The families feel uncomfortable coming to the schools, especially if they do not have a translator with them or their child has to do the translating. The teachers feel uncomfortable because they do not know if they are getting the right information to the parents. So I think the community needs to come together and try to think of ways to solve this problem so our children will feel more comfortable at school and more valued. Teachers need to support cultural diversity by recognizing the importance of a child’s home language (Linguistic Diversity and Early Literacy). The best way to do this is to involve families and invite them to the classroom so they feel comfortable. Have the families reading to Linguistic Diversity in Early Childhood Education The children in the classroom in the home language than have another parent read the same book in their home language. I think the more that we as educators get these families together the better so that they do not feel so isolated. We as educators need to teach all our parents to be the first teacher for their child. We need to give all families the tools so that parents can become their child’s primary teacher and that way we all can become full partners in their child’s education. The Early Head Start article that I read is a very good example of what we need to do as an early intervention. I like Head Start because they give you specific guidelines and ways to do things that everyone can follow. I think the earlier that we get children and families focused on their children and their role in the child’s life as their teacher the better off we all are. Hiring bilingual staff may be one option on preserving the child’s native language and to ensure that information is shared in a timely manner. Ensure that staff is aware of cultural issues and differences provide an opportunity for staff to learn another language to communicate with the families. Language isn’t just about the child it is also about the family has a whole. References Otto, Beverly, 3rd ed. Language Development in Early Childhood, Pearson Precious Children, Diversity in the Classroom, National Association for the Education of Young Children (retrieved May 31, 2010). www. pbs. org/kcts Linguistic Diversity and Early Literacy, Serving Culturally Diverse Families in Early Head Start (retrieved May 31, 2010). www. ehsnrc. org.

Heat of Fusion essays

Heat of Fusion essays Objective: The objective of this experiment is to find the heat of fusion of water by using a calorimeter. The calorimeter will be used to melt ice in water to find the heat of fusion. Theory: Heat of fusion is known to be the amount of heat that it takes to allow one mole of a substance to turn from solid to liquid. The heat of fusion of water is known to be 80 cal/mol. This experiment will use a calorimeter with distilled water and ice to find an experimental value of heat of fusion of water. Equations used in this experiment will be LFM1 = M2CT where LF is the heat of fusion, M1 is the mass of the substance being melted (the ice), M 2 is the mass of the substance that is doing the melting (the water), C is the specific heat of the substance (water is one calorie per gram per degree), and T is the change in temperature. Procedure: The following materials will be needed for this experiment, a cup, a thermometer, distilled water, ice, and a scale. The first step is to find the mass of the cup without anything in it. After that fill it about half full with distilled water, and find the mass of that. After the mass of the cup and water is measured, put about five or six normal blocks of ice in to the cup. Use the thermometer to stir the mixture. Every 15 seconds record the temperature of the mixture. When the temperature has leveled off, use a fork to pick out any blocks of ice that are left. Mass of cup, water and ice: 208.11 g (38.94 g)X = (165.78 g)(1 cal/gram C)(18.9 C) Conclusion ...

Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency

Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies are the new buzzword today, almost everywhere people are talking about bitcoins, especially with the examples that someone has made millions in just one or two years by smartly investing in bitcoins. It definitely creates curiosity to others if it is right or legal to invest in bitcoins or is it just a bubble? With the market cap of more than $270 billion, the bitcoin gained momentum when its price touched whopping $16,500 last year. It’s not a new concept in fact, Bitcoin has existed since 2009 and was traded at a very low value initially, its growth was also linear for few years but then it picked up an exponential growth. It has been trading around $500 in year 2015 and touched $1000 by 2016 and then it broke all the records in year 2017 when a single bitcoin is valued at $6500. its quite fluctuating in beginning of this year and its current price could be around $14000. Interestingly, if you had invested just $100 in Bitcoin in 2009, you would now be richer to the tune of  £3,67 million. Bitcoin is not the only digital currency, there are other alternatives like Ethereum, Ripple, Dash, Litecoin, and NEO. So let’s understand the basic of Bitcoin. It’s a digital currency build on top of the block chain technology, It’s also known as virtual currency or cryptocurrency. Its virtual so yu can’t print, touch, feel, or store it. Technically, Its just a sequence of (0s and 1s) stored in some remote computers around the world. Bitcoin works over blockchain technology, Blockchain is considered one of the most safe technology to store data in a distributed manner. It createa, store, and manage digital transactions that are public, secure, and distributed. Bitcoin was first introduced in 2009 by an unknown individual or a group named Satoshi Nakamoto. It was an interesting way to pay for transactions without a third-party like a bank. It handles peer to peer transactions without any middlemen. There are no transaction fees and both parties are anonymous. Just like an email address, you create a bitcoin wallet account and then that address becomes your identity to be used for every transaction. Some experts predict that Bitcoin or Cryptocurrency is the future of money and it will eventually replace all other currencies in future. Today, many tech-savvy online retailers accept bitcoins. You can order services like Web hosting, buy merchandise, and even a coffee. Many online ecommerce portals accept bitcoins along with other cryptocurrency options like LiteCoin, and Dogecoin. Some known businesses which accept bitcoins include Virgin Galactic, Overstock.com, TigerDirect, Dish Network, Expedia, Newegg, Directnic, Microsoft, Zynga, Starbucks, and Subway. You might be thinking; why do I need bitcoins If I can buy everything using my credit card? Bitcoin is a new form of currency and enjoying an exponential growth, Some people believe that the value of bitcoins will keep on growing over time because more and more people and businesses will start using it. People buy bitcoins as an investment vehicle. As a matter of fact, the value of 1 bitcoin has increased from $500 to $16,000 in one year. Its always anonymous transaction when you do it through Bitcoins, Nobody would ever get to know about such transactions and the owner of the money. which lures lots of criminals to use bitcoins for their payments and transactions. There are several cryptocurrency marketplaces (online websites or apps) called cryptocurrency exchanges that allow people to buy or sell bitcoins using different currencies. You can buy bitcoins using your local currency and start buying and selling bitcoins like any stock trade. When you open an account, you get a digital address and that address is your identity to buy, sell, or pay in bitcoins. You can find some popular cryptocurrency exchanges like ,Coinone, Bitthumb, Bitfinex, Quoine, Bittrex, HitBTC, Poloniex, Kraken etc. Bitcoins are managed through your online accounts quite similar to your online bank account,. It is called a digital wallet. You can buy or sell bitcoins through your digital wallets. Bitcoin is a virtual currency and has no tangible value. You can’nt hide it like the real cash with the hope to use it in difficult times. Not everybody accept the bitcoins.. Bitcoin value fluctuates a lot. Even though the value of bitcoin is going higher, it doesn’t mean it will not go down. There may be a day, when bitcoin can go down 50% in just matter of hours. Some experts have even predicted that Bitcoin is a bubble. Because bitcoins are stored in digital wallets , more and more hackers will target bitcoins as the value grows. there have been many hacks into these wallets and bitcoins have been stolen. Bitcoin is not owned by a country, group, or person. Bitcoin is owned by users of bitcoin. Initially, new bitcoins have to be mined and the miners get some bitcoins, those later can be sold to other people. Bitcoin mining is also a interesting concept. There is a limit on total number of bitcoins, which can be produced. there are only 21 million Bitcoins that can be mined in total. Out of which 16 million bitcoins are already mined. The successful miner finding the new block is rewarded with newly created bitcoins and transaction fees. By last year, the reward amounted to 12.5 newly created bitcoins per block added to the blockchain. To miner can claim the reward through a special transaction called a coinbase. All bitcoins in existence have been created in such coinbase transactions. Bitcoin mining is the process of adding transaction records to Bitcoins public ledger of past transactions or blockchain. This ledger of past transactions is called the block chain as it is a chain of blocks. The block chain serves to confirm transactions to the rest of the network as having taken place. Bitcoin nodes use the block chain to distinguish legitimate Bitcoin transactions from attempts to re-spend coins that have already been spent elsewhere. Today, many large institutions and crypto leaders have invested heavily in Bitcoin. As a matter of fact, 4% of people own 96% of bitcoins. Bitcoin is not regulated or backed by any country or government. It is private peer-to-peer transaction. All parties in bitcoin transactions are anonymous. Bitcoin is not illegal but it has been regulated in some countries. Now, then Most people buying bitcoins for investment purposes are assuming the value of bitcoin will continue to grow. Some people use bitcoins to buy and sell products and services to hide their identity.

Homeland Defense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homeland Defense - Essay Example This is always important when operations in the foreland regions approach the homeland. These partners and allies provide logistical and information support (Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, 2007). The Interagency coordination is a vital element since it enables the department of defense to engage the USA agencies for the purpose of achieving an objective. It forges a mutual relationship between other constitutional entities and the national power. This is done through sharing of awareness, planning together, incorporated training education and ground operations. The understanding of non military capability is what makes it successful. On the other hand, protection is considered during planning for homeland and civil mission in four primary aspects namely: 3. Emergency management and response: involve reducing the loss of personnel’s and capabilities due to accidents. It goes further to include use of forces, systems and civil infrastructure of other nations. The public affairs involvement in the operations of the homeland come in handy and includes supported the joint force commander, through giving of truthful and unclassified information on the activities of the defense forces in the United State. The role of public affairs in homeland operation simply narrows to ensure that all federal agencies provide factual consistent and speak in one voice to the public. Therefore, it must be included in all planning and coordination of the homeland security. Since the Armed forces of the United States are required to work under harsh conditions, which could be considered dangerous for human contact. For example, due to toxic gas release, naturally occurred pandemics commanders must therefore train plan and exercise with their inter-agency counterparts in preparedness of working in the homeland defense operations. Other regional

CHANEL - Brand Equity, Brand Positioning, Brand strategy Essay

CHANEL - Brand Equity, Brand Positioning, Brand strategy - Essay Example Even if they are somehow surviving, that is not because of what they are but because of what they were. They are â€Å"Too Big to fail† but not good enough to succeed, move forward and grow. One cannot completely blame these brands, their marketing managers, and owners for their failure. In the last few decades, the world changed in such unexpected and ruthless way that nobody got a second chance. Moreover, in the name of globalization, increased competition and customer awareness and empowerment, life became even more troublesome for these oldies. However, there are still some brands that were able to absorb all these shocks, maintain their integrity, respect and dignity, outclassed their competitors and are still very much captivating and appealing (Koda, Bolton & Garelick, 2005). They have become symbols of class, respect, honor, and success. However, the question here is what made these brands so great that when their competitors where winding up their businesses, they were still on the road of growth? What has been their magic formula that has been strengthening them over the period? What branding strategies have kept their brand alive and intact? This paper would move further by narrowing its focus to one of the brands that fulfill the above-mentioned criteria of long historical presence and everlasting brand power. Without any doubts, Chanel fulfills these criteria qui te comfortably. Quite understandably, Chanel enjoys immense brand equity in the market and that is why it has been so successful over the past decades. According to marketing experts, there are many reasons for the same. Firstly, the long and eventful history of Chanel provides it an edge over others and contributes to its equity. Previous records of accomplishment, past history and previous customer experiences play a crucial role in branding. This is because one of the most important roles of branding is to help customers to assign responsibility to the

Defense of leisure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Defense of leisure - Essay Example This becomes the only path to reach man’s full potential. The human mind has the capacity to think and reason out, thus, allowing it to reflect on what happened and what is happening in his world, in his life. Leisure’s purpose is to act on directing the human to the path of wholeness. It is not to be just relived from the limited functions that humanity can do or take but it is to â€Å"retain the faculty of grasping the world as a whole and realizing his full potentialities†¦to reach wholeness† (Pieper, 50). Leisure has been described as a ritual for humans to rejuvenate or replenish their strength to move forward and continue the things they do, or the task of their existence (Pieper 17). In comparison with the modern days, as development progress in human along with their cultures, leisure is now commonly known as a way to release stress and fatigue mentally and emotionally. The concept of how leisure eases the mind by contemplating on one’s existence and direction for wholeness has slowly diminished. One of the essentials for survival is performing the limited functions of being human, that is to work and to perform the tasks at hand in order to continue living. As simple minds become more sophisticated, the traditions and one’s outlook on work has changed. This is in relation to utilitarianism, in which, humans focus on the means to live rather than on the purpose of one’s existence. Pieper quoted Weber saying one does not work to live, but rather one lives to work (Pieper p.20). And today that phrase is not very hard to understand, or rather the human race has come to accept it as part of our existence and use leisure to take away every worry that we have and temporarily forget our problems. Leisure, in connection with this, is thought to be something that humans can do after finishing all the limited functions that one has in order to live. One then finishes work to be

The Challenges Of Academic Writing English Language Essay

The Challenges Of Academic Writing English Language Essay Academic writing is clearly very important for a student and cannot be avoided. Moreover, not only will quality academic writing help to succeed in your college life, it is essential for your career as well. The documentation you present to your manager or supervisor is the direct reflection of your ideas, your knowledge and, most importantly, of you on the paper. Academic writing encourages you critical thinking, brings out the creativity and potentially facilitates intellectual growth. To me, academic writing is an art. Art that requires a lot of research in the field. After collecting all the data, the writer has to put his thoughts on the paper using good vocabulary and phrases in the best way to open up the subject. The benefits of academic writing are very obvious, so are the difficulties that come with it. Courses like English 1101 are designed to prepare students for proper academic communication, however, its hard to believe that one can learn how to write in one semester. I think my academic writing has developed tremendously, considering the fact that features like MLA and active voice dont frighten me as much; however, using third person voice is still very challenging and is something that I will have to keep working on. No doubt, using MLA format is probably one of the biggest challenges for students in their academic careers. Im not going to lie, when I first started the course, I had no idea what MLA was and, truthfully, I was terrified just by looking at aspects like in-text citations, paraphrasing, integrating quotations and, especially, Works Cited page of the essay. To me it was really important to realize the purpose of using MLA style in my academic writing. First of all, it is a distinctive format that creates the proper way of written communication, secondly, it is a system of referencing the sources through the parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages which gives the writer credibility. Given these points, it didnt take me long to realize that I will probably have to use this style through out my whole academic career, and I immediately came to the conclusion that the sooner I will learn all the details of it, the better foundation I will have for the future. Looking back now, I real ize that there was nothing to be scared of . Undoubtedly, it didnt come easy: learning MLA was very time-consuming, required a lot of effort and practice. At the end of the day, I am feeling pretty comfortable with it, and if I have questions in the future, I have the right tools to address the issue. Another aspect of academic writing is using active voice. This is something I was very familiar with from the very beginning, however, knowing it doesnt mean that you can use it. A lot of times I had to catch myself trying to make my sentences sound very à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“formalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , which often meant putting sentences in passive voice. As a result, I would end up having long, confusing and unclear sentences, that left the reader guessing. It was essential for me to comprehend that not only does passive voice creates an obstruction in understanding who is doing the action, but also passive voice sentences end up being wordy and distracting. On the other hand, using active voice in academic essays helps to phrase your thoughts and ideas straight to the point giving the reader a clear explanation of your point of view. For this reason, I found that using complex-compound sentences in active voice is the most powerful way of portraying your ideas, because its those elements tha t add richness and color to the essays. In addition,varying the rhythm by alternating short and long sentences can add playfulness and sound less monotone. Also, varying sentence openings will help to make everything cohesive and add individuality to each sentence. So, my ultimate goal is going to be balancing all of these aspects. My biggest personal challenge in this course was writing the academic essays in third voice. Even though the whole concept of why we should write in third voice was clear to me, using it in actual essays was extremely difficult. Yes, it sounds less subjective, more credible and professional. No doubt, maintaining third voice in academical writing helps to give a serious tone and convey the information in a clear way. However, the formality of it sometimes leaves very little for individuality and your personal style. Not being able to use I, I think or in my opinion just kind of left me disopinionated. How can you write about your experiences, attitudes and viewpoints without including yourself in them? Ultimately, in this process I had to shift my thought process: by not using the personal language and personal judgment phrases, I was able to express many different opinions. Writing in third voice helps to stay neutral and strictly refer to the facts. Overall, I think Im on right tra ck, although I know I still have a lot of work ahead of me. All things considered, I think my academic writing skills improved excessively, especially considering that they were non-existent before. Im glad I took this course early on my journey because Im taking a lot with me to the future. Along the way I had a chance to to sharpen up my research making skills, exercise rational and creative thinking and learn about helpful sources like online library and online tutoring sessions. Im sure I will be able to use these skills not only in my academic life but also in my professional and personal lives in various ways. Do I consider myself a writer? Probably not. However, Im definitely more comfortable with my writing. I understand there is room for improvement, but I have all the tools to succeed.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I did not get to know many of you. So, I cannot be certain of how you feel, but, as for me, this year has been, by far, the most enjoyable and eye opening one of my high school career. Enjoyable because of the new, interesting friends I've made and of the fun times I've had, and eye opening because of my being forced to look towards the future. Not just day dreaming and imagining about the rest of my life, but finally having to sit down and make some definite decisions concerning it. For me and many of you, colleges have had to be applied for and decided on and scholarships filled out. Some of you have been looking into vocational schools or the military, while others will be going straight into the work force. Whatever your case may be, we've all had one thing in common in that we've been planning for our futures. Since the decisions we make now or soon will impact the rest of our lives, I'd like to take this time to share some advice with you all. The most important advice I believe I can share is to do what you want to do. Don't be pressured into some life career because it's the most respectable or because it would make your family the proudest. Happiness is the greatest goal in life and is self-contained. The happiness of others will not satisfy you in the long run. If your fondest wish is to become an Atlantic Puffin breeder in northern Maine, then go for it. Don't allow anyone or anything to stop you. Also, many of you must fully realize how much time of your life a job will take up. Not just working, but preparing for it and the thought that will go towards it daily. In fact, for most of you, your life will revolve around your job. Where you live, who you see everyday, will mostly be dependent upon the job you choose... ... So, don't think that just because you're not starting college right away or not going to college at all, that you're bound to not get what you want out of life. It takes work, but, if you're determined enough, you can usually achieve your goals. Though you cannot expect to achieve all the goals you set for yourself, don't ever be afraid to at least try. Failure is one of the greatest ways to learn in that although you have failed, the new experiences you have gained while trying to achieve your goal will make you aware of new possibilities and allow you to form new goals for yourself. So remember, don't conform into exactly what society wants you to be. Do what you want to do. And if you don't know what that is already, find out. Don't be afraid to try different things. Be a risk taker. Live your lives for all they're worth because they won't last forever!

The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology

John B. Watson work on classical behaviorism that paved the way for B. F. Skinner's radical or operant behaviorism which has had a large impact on educational systems. Watson was one of the influential psychologists of the twentieth century. His material is still used in most psychology and educational psychology texts. Watson helped with defining the study of behavior anticipated Skinner's emphasis on operant conditioning and the importance of learning and environmental influences in human development.Watson’s criticized of Sigmund Freud has been given credit for helping to disseminate principles of Freudian psychoanalysis. Watson is known for the Little Albert study and his dozen healthy infants quote. Watson is given credit for popularizing the term behaviorism with the publication of his seminal 1913 article â€Å"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It. † In the article, Watson argued that psychology had failed in its quest to become a natural science, largely due t o a focus on consciousness and other unseen phenomena.Rather than study these unverifiable ideas, Watson urged the careful scientific study of observable behavior. His view of behaviorism was a reaction to introspection, where each researcher served as their own research subject. The study of consciousness by Freud and Watson believed to be subjective and unscientific. Watson believed that controlled laboratory studies were the most effective way to study learning. In approach manipulation of the learner's environment was the key to fostering development.The approach stands in contrast to techniques that placed the emphasis for learning in the mind of the learner. The 1913 article gives credit for the founding of behaviorism but it had a minor impact after its publication. Watson prepared psychologists and educators for the highly influential work of Skinner and other radical behaviorists in subsequent decades. B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential theorists in modern psycho logy. His work was very important and has been studied by many for years. His theories have helped mankind in many ways.He studied the behavior patterns of many living organisms. His most important work was the study of behaviorism. John B. Watson, behaviorism is one of the most widely studied theories today; Influence in Psychology. B. F. Skinner was one of the most famous of the American psychologists. Skinner was responsible for experiments such as the â€Å"Skinner box†. He wrote some very famous books. One of them was â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms†. This book describes the basic points of his system. Another was Walden Two. This book describes a utopian society that functions on positive reinforcement.Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology that is interested in observable behavior. Skinner said, â€Å"Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the philosophy of that science. † There are various types of behavior, such as innate beha vior. Innate behaviors are certain behaviors. B. F. Skinner, in his novel Walden Two, presents many arguments about how he foresees a positive change in the world through manipulation of behavior on the personal level. B. F. Skinner's entire system is based on operant conditioning. This organism is the process of operating on the environment.This operating the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus called a reinforcing stimulus or reinforcer. The special stimulus have the effect of increasing the operant which is the behavior occurring. Operant conditioning the behavior is followed by a consequence or the nature of the consequence modifies the organisms’ tendency to repeat the behavior in the future. Example; you have a cat and the cat just playing around with a ball and when you throw the ball at the cat and the cat catches it and you give him a treat. The cat is starts to catch the ball as you throw it in the air .The operant is the behavior prior to. The cat will s top the trick which you’re were enjoying. This is called extinction of the operant behavior. If you were to start showing the dog treats then likely the cat with start doing the tricks again and more quickly than the cat learned at first. This is because the return of the reinforcer takes place in a reinforcement history that goes all the way back to the first time the cat was reinforced for doing the tricks. Freud and Skinner agree that human behavior is the result of outside barriers that hinder the ideal of free ill. Skinner believes that humans in good environment can live happy while Freud understands that humans are design to live in some degree of anguish or discontent. Skinner uses the example of Walden Two to illustrate his ideas of how human behavior should be formed. Skinner’s argues on how to eliminate what he knows as problematic rests on his prescription of dismissing the notion of individual freedom. Skinner does not only say that the ideal of individual freedom is farce. He takes further and states that the search for it is where society has gone wrong.He wants no part in the quest for individual freedom. If we give up this illusion, says Skinner, we can condition everyone to act in acceptable ways. Skinner has a specific prescription for creating this utopian society. He believe that all that is necessary is to change the conditions which surround man. He believe that by controlling what a person's environment is it is possible to craft a man to behave in any way. Skinner wants to use this notion to create a world without pain and suffering. In Walden Two, he describes what conditions are necessary to create a world of happiness.Skinner proposes that to create his perfect society one need only to come up with the characteristics of what man should be. Edward Chace Tolman was a modern cognitive psychology. He showed that animals in learning mazes acquire organized spatial and temporal information about the maze and about the conse quences of various alternative behaviors. He was combating the dominant views of his time which emphasized the acquisition of conditioned reflexes rather than knowledge about environmental events. Although several short biographies or reviews of Tolman's contributions are (Crutchfield, 1961; Crutchfield et al. 1960; Hilgard, 1980; Innes, 1999, 2000; McFarland, 1993; Ritchie, 1964; Tolman, 1952), it is appropriate that one be included in an encyclopedia of learning and memory because workers in this field today are using ideas that were initiated and developed by Tolman. Tolman's findings and ideal have helped to shape modern understanding of learning, memory and cognition. Tolman was similar to the behaviorists in his ideals on objectivity and measurement. He did not believe reinforcement was necessary for learning to occur. Tolman (1932) proposed five types of learning: pproach learning, escape learning, avoidance learning, choice-point learning, and latent learning. All forms of l earning depend upon means-end readiness, goal-oriented behavior, mediated by expectations, perceptions, representations, and other internal or environmental variables But the problems with his work were that he poorly defined many terms that he used in his fundamental theories, and that is difficult to make predictions from a point of view because of lack of determining the nature and strength of expectations before hand and when or how expectations may change.There are different ways to think about humans and their behaviors. In modern psychology provide researchers a way to approach problems and find ways to explain and predict human behavior. Develop new treatment for problem with behaviors. All three men contributes to psychology even to psychologist are still using their methods in studies. Several area of the human’s behavior is accomplished by Skinner, Watson and Tolman that stand today in modern psychology.These men did not agree on every thing but made a caramel grou nd in studying the human behavior. Also they was studied of animal compare with the human’s behavior which many theory still exist today. These three men remain widely accepted, but all have contributed tremendously to our understanding of human thought and behaviors. The field of psychology has come a long way and these are three men that help paved the way for modern psychology for researchers and student who studied field pertaining to psychology. The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Abstract Research and statistics are essential elements within the field of Psychology. Through the evolution of technology, the task of conducting adequate research and statistics methods have become abundant in methodology. Because of such, research collection and experimentation approaches of researchers and Psychologists, greatly vary in specificity. However, one method reigns true and consistent, and that is the Scientific Method; of which will be further explored.This paper will discuss and make sense of the roles in which both research and statistics play in the field of Psychology, and the procedures in which such methods are conducted will be defined. This will include explanations of the validity, importance, and relevance of the above stated procedures, as such are referenced for study. The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Research and statistics play a crucial role in the field of psy chology, both of which are used to ascertain and examine informational data. Such methods are used to greatly increase the effectiveness and success of an organization or field of study.Scientific or logical informational data is typically established through the use of the scientific method. Over the course of research history and study, the scientific method has become known to be the most reliable and consistent method of obtaining dependable knowledge. Such knowledge is then kept and utilized by researchers, either for their own study (primary data), or by a secondary party referencing said data (secondary data). Essentially, the field of Psychology is geared towards ascertaining the truth about people, the mental process, and behaviors that follow.The truth can only truly be found through the above methods. The Scientific Method For as long as the human mind has had thought, human beings have, in one way or another, questioned, observed, and analyzed the world we live in and th e way we proceed to live within it. These human beings, the thinkers, the observers, the analyzers have always been and still remain the scholars of their time period. The phrase â€Å"method of scholars† is an alternative title for the scientific method, for it is the absolute best set of methods in finding the truth, and of course the scholars would know. It has often been said that the greatest discovery in science was the discovery of the scientific method of discovery†: (Feibleman, 1972). This method is an investigation in which a problem is initially identified. With this, observations, experiments, and other relevant data (provided by research) are then used to create or test hypotheses that lead to conclusions about the original problem. The steps involved in this process include: 1) Forming a testable hypothesis. 2) Devising a research plan and method of application. 3) Collecting data and researching. 4) Analyzing the data and reaching possible conclusions abo ut the study. ) Report findings. This research can be characterized as an activity of creative work that is carried out in a systematic way in an effort to increase knowledge and truth. In the field of psychology, this refers to the knowledge of the human mind, human behavior, cultures, and societies. In order to fully understand how researchers, scientists, psychologists, scholars, and students alike reach such conclusions, one needs to recognize the importance of the research process and measures that are applied when conducting the various types of psychological research.With this knowledge, one will not only understand what is involved in reaching conclusions about psychology, but also how to do so oneself. (McLeod, 2008) Primary and Secondary Data. Primary and secondary data are both key components in any piece of information. These two types of data are used within many avenues of life, not just research and science. They can be published or unpublished and in any media presen tation, from print to electronic. Therefore, since Primary and secondary data are quite abundant, yet perhaps undistinguishable from the uneducated eye†¦ What exactly are the differences and characteristics of such?The distinct difference between primary and secondary data is the method of research in which the data was found. While primary data is both researched and utilized by the same source, secondary data comes from the research of a combination of external or secondary sources. An accurate example of primary data is that of personal vital statistics records, for such are accounts that have been personally witnessed and recorded by the source, and then kept by public institutions, as well as the source. Specific examples of personal records would include but are not limited to: birth certificates, death certificates, and marriage licenses.Such examples are vital to the functioning of an individual and the organization (country) of which that individual resides. Additional ly, such documents can be used in genealogical research, and other research projects related to society, culture, and psychology. One stepped removed from the original source of data, would be data that is secondary. A prime example of such would be information found in textbooks and historical documents, which are comprised of information that was borrowed from multiple primary sources.Case in point, when a history book includes computed data regarding a regions birth and death rates for a specific time period, the birth and death certificates would have originally been considered primary data, but when utilized and calculated by an outside source for the purpose of a study shown in the book, that data then becomes secondary. (McLeod, 2008) Statistics in Research. Statistics are a crucial part of research. Without, statistics, it is nearly impossible to attain a definitive conclusion and/or compute data in any research study.Being that the study of statistics is the science of coll ecting, analyzing, and making inferences from data, it quite literally communicates research findings in an effort to give credibility to the research itself. Obviously, it is imperative that researchers understand statistics, however, it is also important that the general population has at least a basic understanding of such. For not only researchers, but the entire population is bombarded by statistics every day, and in one way or another, everyone performs research.Whether the research is nominal, such as comparing prices, or significant, such as proving a ground breaking psychological theory, the point remains that it is all research and all research is comprised of statistics (Aron & Coups, 2009). Conclusion. Arthur Schopenhauer once said, â€Å"Just as the largest library, badly arranged, is not so useful as a very moderate one that is well arranged, so the greatest amount of knowledge, if not elaborated by our own thoughts, is worth much less than a far smaller volume that h as been abundantly and repeatedly thought over. Schopenhauer’s quote is an excellent representation of the importance of research, the scientific method, primary data, secondary data, and the role of statistics in research. Essentially, an abundance of information is only influential and valuable when it has been analyzed and brought to purposeful point. Through the understanding and proper use of the above explored topics, one can surely make a positive impact upon the field of Psychology and research alike. References Aron, A. , Aron, E. N. , & Coups, E. J. (2009). Statistics for psychology (5th ed. ).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Darwin, Charles. (1859). On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 428. Retrieved from http://todayinsci. com/QuotationsCategories/P_Cat/Psychology-Quotations. htm Feibleman, Dr. James. (1972). The Scientific Method. Retrieved from http://www. scientificmethod. com/index2. html McLeod, S. A. (2008). Psychology as a S cience. Retrieved from http://www. simplypsychology. org/science-psychology. html Reiff, Harwood, Phillipson. (2002). â€Å"A scientific method based upon research scientists' conceptions of scientific inquiry. (Presentation). Presented at the Annual International Conference of the Association for the Education of Teachers in Science. Retrieved from http://cires. colorado. edu/education/outreach/rescipe/collection/inquirystandards. html Sage, Nicole. (2001). â€Å"Steps of the Scientific Method†. Introduction to Research. Retrieved from http://finntrack. co. uk/learners/research. htm Figures The Scientific Method based on Research Scientists’ Conceptions of Scientific Inquiry (Reiff, Harwood, Phillipson , 2002) Standard Steps of the Scientific Method (Sage, 2001)